Land Consolidation Policies for Advancing Transit-Oriented Development: a Comparative Legal Study of ASEAN Countries
Keywords:
land consolidation, TOD, ASEAN law, land readjustment, urban policyAbstract
This article examines how land consolidation policies function as legal instruments to support Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in three ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Singapore, and Thailand. Using a qualitative approach grounded in comparative legal analysis, this study explores the regulatory frameworks, institutional arrangements, and implementation practices that shape the relationship between land consolidation or land readjustment mechanisms and transit-based urban development. The findings reveal significant differences among the three countries. Indonesia continues to face fragmented regulations and socio-economic impacts on low-income groups; Singapore has successfully advanced TOD through strong state land ownership and centralized planning; while Thailand operates a more participatory and equitable land readjustment scheme. This study concludes that Indonesia can strengthen its land consolidation policies for TOD by adopting Singapore’s institutional clarity and Thailand’s participatory mechanisms, thereby moving toward a more inclusive and sustainable model of urban development
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