THE EFFECT OF GENDER, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, AND LOANS ON FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Authors

  • Deitra Tantania
  • Ellis Ellis
  • Rinaningsih Rinaningsih

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32493/JABI.v6i3.y2023.p%25p

Keywords:

female board, corporate governance, loans, financial distress

Abstract

This study aims to examine the influence of female roles, governance, and loans on the possibility of financial distress in manufacturing companies in Indonesia. Financial distress is measured through the Altman Z-score. The variables of female roles are measured based on the representation of female boards in the company while the variables of governance consist of the concentration of share ownership, the independence of the Board of Commissioners, the size of the Board of Directors, and the remuneration of the board. The loan variable is based on the value of the company’s long-term and short-term interest-bearing loans. The research was conducted based on a sample of 140 companies with 560 observations from 2018 to 2021. This research method uses binary logistic regression. The results of the study show that female board and concentration of share ownership had a significant negative effect on financial distress while loans had a significant positive effect. On the other hand, the independence of the Board of Commissioners, the size of the Board of Directors, and the remuneration of the board have no significant effect on the possibility of financial distress occurring in the company.

References

Abdullah, S. N. (2006), “Directors’ remuneration, firm’s performance and corporate governance in Malaysia among distressed companiesâ€, Corporate Governance (Bingley), Vol. 6 No. 2 2006, pp. 162-174.

Adams, R.B. and Ferreira, D. (2009), “Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performanceâ€, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 94 No. 2, pp. 291-309.

Adel, C., Hussain, M., Mohamed, E. & Basuony, M. (2019), “Is corporate governance relevant to the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure in large European companies?â€, International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 301-332.

Adusei, M., & Obeng, E. Y. T. (2019). Board gender diversity and the capital structure of microfinance institutions: A global analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 71, 258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.09.006

Ainiyah, N., Deliar, A., & Virtriana, R. (2016). The Classical Assumption Test to Driving Factors of Land Cover Change in the Development Region of Northern Part of West Java. Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLI-B6, 205–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B6-205-2016, 2016.

AlHares, A. (2020), “Corporate governance and cost of capital in OECD countriesâ€, International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 1-21.

Al-Tamimi Hassan, H.A. (2012), “The effects of corporate governance on performance and financial distressâ€, Journal of Financial Regulation Compliance.

Altman, E. (1968), “Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcyâ€, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 589-609.

Alves, P., Couto, E. B., & Francisco, P. M. (2015). Board of directors’ composition and capital structure. Research in International Business and Finance, 35, 1–32. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.03.005.

Amoa-Gyarteng, K. (2014), “Analyzing a listed firm in Ghana for early warning signs of bankruptcy and financial statement fraud: an empirical investigation of AngloGold Ashantiâ€, European Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 6 No. 5, pp. 10-17

Andre, O. & Taqwa, S. (2014), “Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Likuiditas, dan Leverage Dalam Memprediksi Financial Distress (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Aneka Industri yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2006-2010)â€, Jurnal WRA, Vol. 2 No. 1.

Arnett, J. (1992), “Reckless behavior in adolescence: a developmental perspectiveâ€, Developmental Review, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 339-373.

Arping, S. & Sautner, Z. (2010), “Corporate governance and leverage: evidence from a natural experimentâ€, Finance Research Letters, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 127-134.

Awan, T., Shah, S.Z.A., Khan, M.Y. & Javeed, A. (2020), “Impact of corporate governance, financial and regulatory factors on firms’ acquisition abilityâ€, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, Vol. 20 No. 3.

Benkraiem, R., Hamrouni, A., Lakhal, F. and Toumi, N. (2017), “Board independence, gender diversity and CEO compensationâ€, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 845-860.

Bodroastuti, Tri. "Pengaruh Struktur Corporate Governance Terhadap Financial Distress." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi ASET, vol. 11, no. 2, 2009.

Chang, C. (2009) ‘The corporate governance characteristics of financially distressed firms: evidence from Taiwan’, Journal of American Academy of Business, Vol. 15, pp.125–132.

Chow, Y.P., Muhammad, J., Bany-Ariffin, A.N. & Cheng, F.F. (2018), “Macroeconomic uncertainty, corporate governance and corporate capital structureâ€, International Journal of Managerial Finance, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 301-321.

Claessens, S., Djankov, S., Fan, J.P. & Lang, L.H. (2002), “Disentangling the incentive and entrenchment effects of large shareholdingsâ€, The Journal of Finance, Vol. 57 No. 6, pp. 2741-2771.

Conyon, M. & He, L. (2011), “Executive compensation and corporate governance in Chinaâ€, Journal of Corporate Finance, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 1158-1175.

Cooksey, R. W. (2020). Illustrating Statistical Procedures: Finding Meaning in Quantitative Data. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2537-7.

Core, J.E., Holthausen, R.W. & Larcker, D.F. (1999), “Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performanceâ€, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 51 No. 3, pp. 371-406.

Crespi-Cladera, R., Martín-Oliver, A., & Pascual-Fuster, B. (2021). Financial distress in the hospitality industry during the Covid-19 disaster. Tourism Management, 85, 104301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104301.

Croson, R. and Gneezy, U. (2009), “Gender differences in preferencesâ€, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 448-474.

Daily, C. & Dalton, D. (1994a), “Bankruptcy and corporate governance: the impact of board composition and structureâ€, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 6, pp. 1603-1617.

Daily, C.M., Dalton, D.R. and Cannella Jr, A.A. (2003), “Corporate governance: decades of dialogue and dataâ€, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 371-382.

Danso, A., Lartey, T., Fosu, S., Owusu-Agyei, S. & Uddin, M. (2019), “Leverage and firm investment: the role of information asymmetry and growthâ€, International Journal of Accounting and InformationManagement, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 56-73.

Darrat, A.F., Gray, S., Park, J.C. & Wu, Y. (2016), “Corporate governance and bankruptcy riskâ€, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 1-40.

Darsono & Ashari.2010. Pedoman Praktis Memahami Laporan Keuangan (Tips Bagi Investor, Direksi, dan Pemegang Saham). Penerbit Andi. Yogyakarta.

Detthamrong, U., Chancharat, N., & Vithessonthi, C. (2017). Corporate governance, capital structure and firm performance: Evidence from Thailand. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 689–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.011.

Donker, H., Santen, B. & Zahir, S. (2009), “Ownership structure and the likelihood of financial distress in The Netherlandsâ€, Applied Financial Economics, Vol. 19 No. 21, pp. 1687-1696.

Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989), “Agency theory: an assessment and reviewâ€, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 57-74.

Eagly, A.H. and Wood, W. (2016). Social Role Theory of Sex Differences. In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (eds A. Wong, M. Wickramasinghe, r. hoogland and N.A. Naples). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss183.

Elmagrhi, M.H., Ntim, C.G., Elamer, A.A. & Zhang, Q. (2018), “A study of environmental policies and regulations, governance structures, and environmental performance: the role of female directorsâ€, Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 206-220.

Fich, E. & Slezak, S. (2008) ‘Can corporate governance save distressed firms from bankruptcy? An empirical analysis’, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Vol. 30, pp.225–251.

García, C. J., & Herrero, B. (2021). Female directors, capital structure, and financial distress. Journal of Business Research, 136, 592–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.061.

Garcia Martin, C. J., & Herrero, B. (2018). Boards of directors: Composition and effects on the performance of the firm. Economic Research - Ekonomska Istra zivanja, 31(1), 1015–1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2018.1436454.

Gerged, A.M., Yao, S. & Albitar, K. (2022), "Board composition, ownership structure and financial distress: insights from UK FTSE 350", Corporate Governance, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2022-0069.

Ghozali, Imam. 2018. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 25. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro: Semarang.

Gilbert, L.R., Menon, K. & Schwartz, K.B. (1990), “Predicting bankruptcy for firms in financial distressâ€, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 161-171.

Granado-Peiro, N. & Lopez-Gracia, J. (2017), “Corporate governance and capital structure: a Spanish studyâ€, European Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 33-45.

Guizani, M. & Abdalkrim, G. (2022), "Does gender diversity on boards reduce the likelihood of financial distress? Evidence from Malaysia", Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-06-2021-0277.

Golubeva, O. (2021), "Firms’ performance during the COVID-19 outbreak: international evidence from 13 countries", Corporate Governance, Vol. 21 No. 6, pp. 1011-1027. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-09-2020-0405.

Haque, F., Arun, T.G. & Kirkpatrick, C. (2011), “Corporate governance and capital structure in developing countries: a case study of Bangladeshâ€, Applied Economics, Vol. 43 No. 6, pp. 673-681.

Hazami-Ammar, S. & Gafsi, A. (2021), "Governance failure and its impact on financial distress", Corporate Governance, Vol. 21 No. 7, pp. 1416-1439. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-08-2020-0347.

Hernandez-Nicolas, C. M., Martín-Ugedo, J. F., & Mínguez-Vera, A. (2015). The influence of gender on financial decisions: Evidence from small start-up firms in Spain. E & M Economics and Management, 18(4), 93–107. doi:10.15240%2Ftul%2F001%2F2015-4-007.

Hidayat, M.A. & Meiranto, W. (2014) ‘Financial distress prediction in Indonesian manufacturing company’, Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.1–11.

Hodgson, A., Lhaopadchan, S. & Buakes, S. (2011), “How informative is the Thai corporate governance index? A financial approachâ€, International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 53-79.

Hui, H. & Jing-Jing, Z. (2008), “Relationship between corporate governance and financial distress: an empirical study of distressed companies in Chinaâ€, International Journal of Management, Vol. 25, p. 654.

Jensen, M. C. (1986). Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. The American Economic Review, 76(2), 323-329. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818789.

Jiraporn, P., Kim, J.C., Kim, Y.S. & Kitsabunnarat, P. (2012), “Capital structure and corporate governance quality: evidence from the institutional shareholder services (ISS)â€, International Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 208-221.

Jodjana, J.J., Nathaniel, S., Rinaningsih, R., & Pranoto, T. (2021). The Effect of Board and Ownership Structure on the Possibility of Financial Distress. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 22(3), 602-624.

Lee, T.S. & Yeh, Y.H. (2004), “Corporate governance and financial distress: evidence from Taiwanâ€, Corporate Governance, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 378-388.

Li, Z., Crook, J., Andreeva, G. & Tang, Y. (2020), “Predicting the risk of financial distress using corporate governance measuresâ€, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Vol. 68 No. 4, pp. 592-601.

Long, Y.e. & Huang, X. (2020), “Do equity incentives for the managements have impact on stockpricing efficiency? Evidence from Chinaâ€, International Journal of Accounting and Information Management.

Loukil, N., Yousfi, O. & Yerbanga, R. (2019), “Does gender diversity on boards influence stock market liquidity? Empirical evidence from the French marketâ€, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, Vol. 19 No. 4, pp. 669-703.

Luqman, R., Ul Hassan, M., Tabasum, S., Khakwani, M.S. and Irshad, S. (2018), “Probability of financial distress and proposed adoption of corporate governance structures: evidence from Pakistanâ€, Cogent Business & Management, Vol. 5, pp. 1-14.

Manzaneque, M., Prigeo, A. & Merino, E. (2016) ‘Corporate governance effect on financial distress likelihood: evidence from Spain’, Spanish Accounting Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.111–121.

Mariano, S.S.G., Izadi, J. & Pratt, M. (2021), "Can we predict the likelihood of financial distress in companies from their corporate governance and borrowing?", International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-08-2020-0130.

McColgan, P. (2001), “Agency theory and corporate governance: a review of the literature from a UK perspectiveâ€, Department of Accounting and Finance Working Paper, Vol. 6, p. 203.

Mgammal, M.H., Bardai, B. & Ismail, K. N. I. K. (2018), “Corporate governance and tax disclosure phenomenon in the Malaysian listed companiesâ€, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, Vol. 18 No. 5.

Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A, Sahu C, Keshri A. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth. 2019 Jan-Mar;22(1):67-72. doi: 10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18. PMID: 30648682; PMCID: PMC6350423.

Nasution, L. M. (2020). Statistik Deskriptif. Hikmah, 14(1), 49-55. Retrieved from https://e-jurnal.staisumatera-medan.ac.id/index.php/hikmah/article/view/16.

Nugrahanti, Y. W., Sutrisno, T., Rahman, A. F., & Mardiati, E. (2020). Do firm characteristics, political connection and corporate governance mechanism affect financial distress (Evidence from Indonesia). International Journal of Trade and Global Markets, 13(2), 220. doi:10.1504/ijtgm.2020.106753

PDB Indonesia 2022 Tembus Rp19 Kuadriliun, Ini Sektor Penyumbangnya. (2023, February 6). Databoks. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2023/02/06/pdb-indonesia-2022-tembus-rp19-kuadriliun-ini-sektor-penyumbangnya

Peraturan OJK tentang Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris Emiten atau Perusahaan Publik. (n.d.). OJK. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://www.ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/otoritas-jasa-keuangan/peraturan-ojk/Pages/peraturan-ojk-tentang-direksi-dan-dewan-komisaris-emiten-atau-perusahaan-publik.aspx.

Pindado, J., Rodrigues, L., & de la Torre, C. (2008). Estimating financial distress likelihood. Journal of Business Research, 61(9), 995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.10.006.

Richard D. Morris (1987) Signalling, Agency Theory and Accounting Policy Choice, Accounting and Business Research, 18:69, 47-56, DOI: 10.1080/00014788.1987.9729347.

Rimawati, I., & Darsono, D. (2017). Pengaruh Tata Kelola Perusahaan, Biaya Agensi Manajerial dan Leverage terhadap Financial Distress. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 6(3), 222-233.

Routledge J, Gadenne D. Financial distress, reorganization and corporate performance. Account Finance 2000;40:233–60.

Samanta, N. & Johnston, A. (2019), “Shareholder primacy corporate governance and financial market growthâ€, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, Vol. 19 No. 5.

Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia | Ekonomi Indonesia Tahun 2022 Tumbuh 5,31 Persen. (2023, February 7). Sekretariat Kabinet. Retrieved May 28, 2023, from https://setkab.go.id/ekonomi-indonesia-tahun-2022-capai-531-persen/

Siahaan, F.O. (2014), “The effect of good corporate governance mechanism, leverage, and firm size on firm valueâ€, GSTF Journal on Business Review (GBR), Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 137-142.

Shahwan, T.M. and Habib, A.M. (2020), "Does the efficiency of corporate governance and intellectual capital affect a firm's financial distress? Evidence from Egypt", Journal of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 403-430. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIC-06-2019-0143.

Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung : Alfabeta, CV.

Udin, S., Khan, M.A. & Javid, A.Y. (2017), "The effects of ownership structure on likelihood of financial distress: an empirical evidence", Corporate Governance, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 589-612. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-03-2016-0067.

Uyanık, G. K., & Güler, N. (2013). A study on multiple linear regression analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106, 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.027

Uwuigbe, U. (2014), “Corporate governance and capital structure: evidence from listed firms in Nigeria stock exchangeâ€, The Journal of Accounting and Management, Vol. 4 No. 1.

Wang, Z. & Deng, X. (2006) ‘Corporate governance and financial distress’, The Chinese Economy, Vol. 39, pp.5–27.

WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK REPORT OCTOBER 2022, Countering the Cost-of-Living Crisis.

Younas, N., UdDin, S., Awan, T. & Khan, M.Y. (2021), "Corporate governance and financial distress: Asian emerging market perspective", Corporate Governance, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 702-715. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-04-2020-0119.

Yu, M. (2011), “Analyst recommendations and corporate governance in emerging marketsâ€, International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 34-52.

Downloads

Published

2023-10-31