Do CAR, Cash Ratio, OER and LDR an Effect on NPL?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32493/JABI.v8i3.y2025.p340-356Keywords:
CAR; Cash Ratio; LDR; OER; NPLAbstract
This study seeks to examine the impact of Conventional Rural Credit Banks (BPR) in the Former Pekalongan Residency Area by analyzing various factors, including CAR, Cash Ratio, OER, and LDR, on NPL. This study uses quantitative data with purposive sampling method, the population is 30 Conventional BPRs and the research sample is 14 Conventional BPRs in the Ex-Pekalongan Residence Area. This data is processed using SPSS 22. This study's findings suggest that CAR and the Cash Ratio do not significantly impact NPL. However, both OER and LDR demonstrate a positive correlation with NPL. This research provides benefits for Conventional BPRs in the Pekalongan Ex-Residency Area. This study's findings deliver valuable knowledge and insights to Conventional BPRs in the Pekalongan Ex-Residency to support their credit or loan provision activities. With this research, it is hoped that Conventional BPRs will be more careful and more selective in providing credit to customers so that there are no NPLs or bad debts. The scope of this research is limited to Conventional Rural Banks (BPRs) operating within the former Pekalongan Regency between 2019 and 2023. Consequently, the findings should not be extrapolated to other regions with dissimilar characteristics
References
Abbas, F., Masood, O., Ali, S., & Rizwan, S. (2021). How Do Capital Ratios Affect Bank Risk-Taking: New Evidence From the United States. Sage Open, 11(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020979678
Al-Sharkas, A. A., & Al-Sharkas, T. A. (2022). the Impact on Bank Profitability: Testing for Capital Adequacy Ratio, Cost Income Ratio and Non Performing Loans in Emerging Markets. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 11(1 special issue), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i1siart4
Alnabulsi, K., Kozarević, E., & Hakimi, A. (2022). Assessing the determinants of non-performing loans under financial crisis and health crisis: evidence from the MENA banks. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2124665
Alrowaiei, W. A., Oudat, M. S., & Ali, B. J. A. (2021). The relationship between non-performing loans and the performance of commercial banks listed on bahrain stock exchange: Empirical study. Information Sciences Letters, 10(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.18576/isl/10S104
Annas, M., Humairoh, H., & Endri, E. (2024). Macroeconomic and bank-specific factors on nonperforming loan: evidence from an emerging economy. Quality- Access to Success, 25(199), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/25.199.17
Asyadiah, N., & Hasanuh, N. (2023). The Effect Of CAR, LDR, And BOPO On NPL On Banks On The Indonesia Stock Exchange. In Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi,7(3).http://www.ejournal.pelitaindonesia.ac.id/ojs32/index.php/BILANCIA/index
Bank Indonesia. (2017). Surat edaran nomor 13/24/DPNP penilaian tingkat kesehatan bank umum di Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.bi.go.id/id/peraturan/perba nkan/Pages/SE%20No.13_24_DPNP_ 2011.aspx.
Bank Indonesia. (2020). Laporan Perekonomian Provinsi Jawa Tengah Agustus 2019. In Kantor Perwakilan Bank Indonesia Provinsi Jawa Tengah. https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/kajianekonomiregional/jateng/Pages/Laporan-Perekonomian-Provinsi-Jawa-Tengah--Mei- 114 2020.aspx.
Barra, C., & Ruggiero, N. (2023). Bank-specific factors and credit risk: evidence from Italian banks in different local markets. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 31(3), 316–350. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-04-2022-0051
Boďa, M., & Zimková, E. (2021). Overcoming the loan-to-deposit ratio by a financial intermediation measure—A perspective instrument of financial stability policy. Journal of Policy Modeling, 43(5), 1051–1069. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2021.03.012
Chun, S. H. (2024). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Loan Growth of Banks with a Focus on Non-Performing Loans. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050203
Dendawijaya, L. (2009), Manajemen Perbankan, Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia
Endri, E., et al., (2022). Determinants of efficiency of Indonesian Islamic rural banks. Decision Science Letters, 11(4), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2022.8.002
Erdas, M. L., & Ezanoglu, Z. (2022). How Do Bank-Specific Factors Impact Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from G20 Countries. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 11(2), 97–122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2022-0015
Istan, M., & Fahlevi, M. (2020). The effect of external and internal factors on financial performance of Islamic banking. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 21(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18196/jesp.21.1.5036
Jabbouri, I., & Naili, M. (2019). Determinants of Nonperforming Loans in Emerging Markets: Evidence from the MENA Region. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 22(04). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219091519500267
Jalali, H., Munyonga, T., Isiksal, A., & Assi, A. F. (2023). Examining the Determinants of Non-Performing Loans and Bank Performance in E7 Countries. International Conference on Sustainable Islamic Business and Finance, SIBF, 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIBF60067.2023.10379952
Kabir Hassan, M., Unsal, O., & Emre Tamer, H. (2016). Risk management and capital adequacy in Turkish participation and conventional banks: A comparative stress testing analysis. Borsa Istanbul Review, 16(2), 72–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2016.04.001
Karadima, M., & Louri, H. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty and non-performing loans: The moderating role of bank concentration. Finance Research Letters, 38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101458
Khairani F, dkk. (2020). Pengaruh Cash Ratio, Debt To Equity Ratio, Dan Receivable Turnover Terhadap Return On Assets Pada Perusahaan Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2014-2018. Jurnal Idaarah, 2(12). https://doi.org/10.24252/idaarah.v4i2.16296
Khan, M. A., Siddique, A., & Sarwar, Z. (2020). Determinants of non-performing loans in the banking sector in developing state. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 5(1), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-10-2019-0080
Kumar, V., & Bird, R. (2022). Factors influencing the profitability of banks in India and China. Applied Economics Letters, 29(5), 371–375. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2020.1869153
Madugu, A. H., Ibrahim, M., & Amoah, J. O. (2020). Differential effects of credit risk and capital adequacy ratio on profitability of the domestic banking sector in Ghana. Transnational Corporations Review, 12(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2019.1704582
Malik, A. (2020). Pengaruh Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) Terhadap Profitabilitas dengan Non Performing Loan (NPL) Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada Sub Sektor Perbankan. Jurnal Manajemen Unsera, 6(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.30656/sm.v6i1.2099.
Mollah, M. A. S., et al. (2022). Determinants of Non-Performing Loans(NPLs): DIU Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 15(2), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.36481/diujbe.v015i2.wk2akg32
Msomi, T. S. (2022). Factors affecting non-performing loans in commercial banks of selected West African countries. Banks and Bank Systems, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.17(1).2022.01
Muhammad, R., Suluki, A., & Nugraheni, P. (2020). Internal factors and non-performing financing in Indonesian Islamic rural banks. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1823583
Naili, M., & Lahrichi, Y. (2022). Banks’ credit risk, systematic determinants and specific factors: Recent evidence from emerging markets. Heliyon, 8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08960
Salim, M. N., & Mundung, L. O., (2020). ROA Determinants And Impacts On Car (Study In The Five Largest Private Banks In Indonesia 2009-2018). Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance &Amp; Accounting, 1(4), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v1i4.541
Nugroho, M., Arif, D., & Halik, A. (2021). The effect of loan-loss provision, non-performing loans and third-party fund on capital adequacy ratio. Accounting, 7(4), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.1.013
Nurwulandari, A., Hasanudin, H., Subiyanto, B., & Pratiwi, Y. C. (2022). Risk Based bank rating and financial performance of Indonesian commercial banks with GCG as intervening variable. Cogent Economics and Finance, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2127486
Okyere, E., & Mensah, A. C. (2022). Macroeconomic and Bank Specific Determinants of Non-performing Loans in Ghanaian Banking Sector. International Journal of Accounting, Finance and Risk Management, 7(2), 40–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijafrm.20220702.12
Pardosi, A. R. S., Hutabarat, F., & Siagian, H. (2024). Pengaruh CAR, BOPO, ROA dan BI RATE terhadap NPL Bank. Journal of Management and Bussines (JOMB), 6(2), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.31539/jomb.v6i2.9087
Pervez, A., Naveenan, R. V., Alyamoor, A. H., Bansal, R., Gupta, A., & Titus, T. J. (2023). Impact of Capital Adequacy and Risk on Bank Performance: An Empirical Study. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2587(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0150407
Prasanth, S., Nivetha, P., Ramapriya, M., & Sudhamathi, S. (2020). Factors affecting non performing loan in India. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(1), 1654–1657.
Putraseto, R., & Mukhlis, I. (2021). Pengaruh CAR, LDR, BOPO, dan KAP terhadap Non Performing Loan BPR konvensional di Kota Batu sebelum dan setelah COVID-19. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Pendidikan (JEBP), 1(9), 806-823. https://doi.org/10.17977/um066v1i92021p806-823
Rahman, R., at al. (2023). Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kredit Bermasalah Pada Bank BUMN Dan Non BUMN Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2017-2021. 10(2), 2054–2063. https://doi.org/10.32722/account.v10i2.5741.
Salim, M. N., & Mundung, L. O. (2020). ROA Determinants And Impacts On Car (Study In The Five Largest Private Banks In Indonesia 2009-2018). Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance &Amp; Accounting 1(4): 29–641.
Singh, S. K., at al. (2021). The Effect of Non-Performing Loan on Profitability: Empirical Evidence from Nepalese Commercial Banks. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(4), 0709–0716. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no4.0709
Subaktiar, S., et al., (2024). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL), Biaya Operasional Terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) Terhadap Likuiditas yang Diukur dengan Loan to Deposit Ratio Pada PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 2(1), 264–279. https://doi.org/10.61132/jepi.v2i1.440
Suryani, I., & Africa, A.L., (2021). Pengaruh CAR, LDR, ROA dan BOPO Terhadap NPL Pada Bank Umum Swasta Nasional. Jurnal Ecopreneur. 12(2), 202-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/econ12.v4i2.1016.
Syed, A. A. (2020). Does Banking Efficiency, Regulation, and Operations Affect Banking Performance in South Asia: Dynamic Correlated Model Approach. Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2020.00038
Wahyudi, S. (2019). Capital adequacy ratio, profit-sharing and return on asset: Case study of Indonesian Sharia Banks. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics, 16, 138–144. https://doi.org/https://www.wseas.org/multimedia/journals/economics/2019/a245107-703.php
Wulandari, B., Khetrin, & Seviyani, K. (2021). Effect Of Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR), Operational Costs, Operational Income (BOPO), Exchange, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Bank Size And Inflation To Non Performing Loan (NPL) In Company Banking Registered In BEI. Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting. 5(1). https://doi.org/10.31539/costing.v5i1.2236
Yuliani, N. W. E., Purnami, A. A. S., & Wulandari, I. G. A. A. (2020). Pengaruh Capital Adequancy Ratio, Net Interest Margin,Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional Dan Loan Deposit Ratio Terhadap Non Performing Loan Di Pt. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Bali Tahun 2009 – 2017. Warmadewa Economic Development Journal (WEDJ), 3(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.22225/wedj.3.1.1590.10-20
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Irwan Prasetyo Prasetyo, Dien Noviany Rahmatika, Juli Riyanto Tri Wijaya

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
PUBLICATION ETHICS
FOCUS AND SCOPE
EDITORIAL TEAM
REVIEW PROCESS
CONTACT US
AUTHOR GUIDELINES



