Analisis Variasi Diameter Nozzle (Ø 6, Ø 7, Ø 8 mm) pada Prototipe Turbin Pelton Mikrohidro dengan Penambahan Magnet Neodymium

Abstract

This research is motivated by the need for environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative electrical energy through the utilization of Microhydro Power Plants (MHP) using Pelton turbines. Turbine performance is influenced by variations in nozzle diameter and the use of Neodymium magnets in the generator. This study aims to determine the effect of nozzle variations of Ø 6 mm, Ø 7 mm, and Ø 8 mm on the rotational speed, electrical power, and efficiency of a microhydro Pelton turbine, as well as to determine the most optimal configuration. The research methodology used was an experimental method by conducting direct testing on a laboratory-scale Pelton turbine prototype. Testing was carried out using a constant water discharge of 0.000333 m³/s under conditions without magnets and with the addition of Neodymium magnets. The analyzed parameters included turbine rotation, generator rotation, voltage, electrical power, and turbine efficiency using measuring instruments such as a tachometer, voltmeter, and wattmeter. The results showed that the Ø 6 mm nozzle without magnets produced the best performance with a turbine rotation of 209 rpm, generator rotation of 969.8 rpm, voltage of 12.4 Volts, electrical power of 4.52 Watts, and efficiency of 7.53%. Under conditions using Neodymium magnets, the Ø 8 mm nozzle produced the most stable power output of 4.34 Watts with an efficiency of 7.05%. These findings demonstrate that nozzle diameter greatly affects the performance of the Pelton turbine, while the effect of magnets is conditional on the stability of rotational speed and electrical power output.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kebutuhan energi listrik alternatif yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan melalui pemanfaatan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro (PLTMH) menggunakan turbin Pelton. Kinerja turbin dipengaruhi oleh variasi diameter nozzle dan penggunaan magnet Neodymium pada generator. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh variasi nozzle Ø 6 mm, Ø 7 mm, dan Ø 8 mm terhadap putaran, daya listrik, dan efisiensi turbin Pelton mikrohidro, serta menentukan konfigurasi paling optimal. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan melakukan pengujian langsung pada prototipe turbin Pelton skala laboratorium. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan debit air konstan sebesar 0,000333 m³/s pada kondisi tanpa magnet dan dengan penambahan magnet Neodymium. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi putaran turbin, putaran generator, tegangan, daya listrik, dan efisiensi turbin menggunakan alat ukur takometer, voltmeter, dan wattmeter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nozzle Ø 6 mm tanpa magnet menghasilkan performa terbaik dengan putaran turbin 209 rpm, putaran generator 969,8 rpm, tegangan 12,4 Volt, daya listrik 4,52 Watt, dan efisiensi 7,53%. Pada kondisi menggunakan magnet Neodymium, nozzle Ø 8 mm menghasilkan daya paling stabil sebesar 4,34 Watt dengan efisiensi 7,05%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa diameter nozzle sangat memengaruhi performa turbin Pelton, sedangkan pengaruh magnet bersifat kondisional terhadap kestabilan putaran dan daya listrik.