Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis dan Analisis Bibliometrik tentang Isu Etika dan Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Buatan dalam Aplikasi Militer dan Peperangan

Authors

  • Bambang Suharjo Universitas Budi Luhur
  • Dendi Sunardi Universitas Budi Luhur
  • Jan Everhard Universitas Budi Luhur

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32493/jtsi.v9i1.58508

Keywords:

artificial intelligence, autonomous weapon systems, military ethics, AI governance, Systematic Literature Review, Bibliometric Analysis

Abstract

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in military applications has raised a range of ethical and governance concerns, particularly regarding the use of Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) in making lethal decisions without direct human involvement. While these developments offer strategic advantages, they also introduce significant challenges in ensuring accountability, transparency, and compliance with international humanitarian law. This study aims to systematically examine and map the knowledge structure and global research trends related to ethical and governance issues of AI in the military domain. The research adopts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA protocol, combined with bibliometric analysis of 469 articles published between 2020 and 2025. The analysis is conducted using VOSviewer to identify thematic clusters, relationships among research topics, and the overall density of scholarly discourse. The findings reveal seven major thematic clusters, including ethical foundations and human-centric approaches, operational systems and decision-making, robotics and autonomous systems, military applications and strategy, governance and regulatory frameworks, ethical principles and accountability, and technical foundations based on machine learning. Network visualization indicates that ethical issues are closely interconnected with governance as the central focus of the discourse, while density analysis shows that the terms “artificial intelligence,” “ethics,” and “application” dominate the research landscape. The study also highlights a gap between normative ethical frameworks and practical implementation in the development and deployment of AI in military contexts. Therefore, stronger governance frameworks are required to ensure accountability and compliance with international regulations. This research contributes by mapping current research directions and identifying future research opportunities, particularly in developing more adaptive and context-aware AI governance approaches.

References

Arkin, R. C. (2018). A robotocist’s perspective on lethal autonomous weapon systems (pp. 35–47). https://doi.org/10.18356/7748aa31-en

Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review.

Bostrom, N. (n.d.). Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (n.d.). Using thematic analysis in psychology.

Cath, C. (2018). Governing artificial intelligence: Ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges. In Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Vol. 376, Number 2133). Royal Society Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0080

Crootof, R. (2022). AI and the Actual IHL Accountability Gap. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4289005

Cummings, M. L. (n.d.). The Human Role in Autonomous Weapon Design and Deployment 1. Retrieved http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300009p.pdf

Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to Conduct a Bibliometric Analysis: An Overview and Guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070

Eklund. (2020). Meaningful Human Control of Autonomous Weapon Systems Definitions and Key Elements in the Light of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law.

Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society. Harvard Data Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1

Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., Luetge, C., Madelin, R., Pagallo, U., Rossi, F., Schafer, B., Valcke, P., & Vayena, E. (n.d.). Forthcoming in Minds and Machines, December 2018 AI4People-An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations.

Hagendorff, T. (2020). The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8

International Committee of the Red Cross. (2014). ICRC Annual Report 2014 (ICRC, Ed.).

International Committee of the Red Cross. (2018).

Kitchenham, B., & Charters, S. (2007a). Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering.

Kitchenham, B., & Charters, S. (2007b). Guidelines for performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering.

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. In Open Medicine (Vol. 3, Number 2).

Müller, V. C. (2025). Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. http://www.sophia.de12.05.2025

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 134, 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001

Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (n.d.). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences A PRACTICAL GUIDE.

Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences A PRACTICAL GUIDE.

Roberts, A., Venables, A., & Researcher, S. (n.d.). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Kinetic Targeting from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law. https://doi.org/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095426960

Simmons-Edler, R., Dong, J., Lushenko, P., Rajan, K., & Badman, R. P. (2025). Military AI Needs Technically-Informed Regulation to Safeguard AI Research and its Applications. http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.18371

Singularity, B., & Kania, E. B. (2017). UNCLASSIFIED // FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.

Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

Taddeo, M., McNeish, D., Blanchard, A., & Edgar, E. (2021). Ethical Principles for Artificial Intelligence in National Defence. Philosophy and Technology, 34(4), 1707–1729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-021-00482-3

Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review*. In British Journal of Management (Vol. 14).

Umbrello, S. (2022). The Role of Engineers in Harmonising Human Values for AI Systems Design.

Umbrello, S., & van de Poel, I. (2021). Mapping value sensitive design onto AI for social good principles. AI and Ethics, 1(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00038-3

Downloads

Published

2026-01-25

How to Cite

Bambang Suharjo, Sunardi, D., & Jan Everhard. (2026). Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis dan Analisis Bibliometrik tentang Isu Etika dan Tata Kelola Kecerdasan Buatan dalam Aplikasi Militer dan Peperangan. Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi Dan Aplikasi, 9(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.32493/jtsi.v9i1.58508

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi dan Aplikasi

Section

Article

Categories

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Bambang Suharjo, Dendi Sunardi, Jan Everhard

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi dan Aplikasi have CC BY-NC or an equivalent license as the optimal license for the publication, distribution, use, and reuse of scholarly work.

In developing strategy and setting priorities, Jurnal Teknologi Sistem Informasi dan Aplikasi recognize that free access is better than priced access, libre access is better than free access, and libre under CC BY-NC or the equivalent is better than libre under more restrictive open licenses. We should achieve what we can when we can. We should not delay achieving free in order to achieve libre, and we should not stop with free when we can achieve libre.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License

YOU ARE FREE TO:

  • Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
  • The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms