MENYIKAPI FUNDAMENTALISME SEBAGAI UPAYA FORMALISASI AJARAN ISLAM DI TENGAH DEMOKRATISASI BANGSA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32493/kahpi.v5i1.p1-19.36588Abstract
Gerakan fundamentalisme agama di era demokrasi selalu dikaitkan dengan pola perebutan kekuasaan melalui cara kekerasan dan pemberontakan dalam upaya mewujudkan cita-citanya, gerakan ini tidak jarang menempuh jalan kekerasan. Jika gerakan ini beraksi maka pertumpahan darah hampir dipastikan tak terelakkan dan ini terjadi karena adanya pemahaman dan keyakinan yang mendasari “ajaran†agama tersebut yang dianggap paling benar (normatif-ideologis). Setiap kelompok mengklaim paling benar dalam menentukan suatu sistem sosial dan politik. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk menganalisis berbagai gejala fundamentalisme dengan pola formalisme syariat dalam kehidupan demokrasi di Indonesia dengan pendekatan filosofis untuk mengambil sebuah sikap dan keberpihakan setiap umat Islam.
Kata-Kata kunci: fundamentalisme, radikalisme, demokrasi, kekerasan, gerakan agama
References
Abdillah, Masykuri. “Theological Responses to the Concepts of Democracy and Human Rights: The Case of Contemporary Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals.†Studia Islamika 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2014).
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Qu’ran. Amana Publications, 2004.
Antoun, Richard T. “Fundamentalism.†In The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion, edited by Bryan s Turneressor leader Director member Fellow, 519–43. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Bakker, Anton. Metode-Metode Filsafat. 2nd ed. Jakarta: Ghalia, 1984.
Bakker, Anton, and Achmad Charris Zubair. Metodologi Penelitian Filsafat . 5th ed. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1994.
Berger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. Open Road Media, 2011.
Bräuchler, Birgit. “Islamic Radicalism Online: The Moluccan Mission of the Laskar Jihad in Cyberspace.†The Australian Journal of Anthropology 15, no. 3 (December 1, 2004).
Browers, Michaelle, and Charles Kurzman. An Islamic Reformation? Lexington Books, 2004.
Butterworth, Charles E., and I. William Zartman. Between the State and Islam. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Choueiri, Youssef M. “Islamic Fundamentalism.†In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), edited by James D. Wright, 741–45. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.
Effendi, Sofian, and Tukiran Tukiran. Metode Penelitian Survei. Edited by Sofian Effendi and Tukiran Tukiran. 31st ed. Jakarta: LP3ES, 2014. https://galeribuku.lp3es.or.id/produk/Metode-Penelitian-Survei-131854.
Eickelman, Dale F. “Transnational Religious Identities (Islam, Catholicism, and Judaism): Cultural Concerns.†In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), edited by James D. Wright, 602–6. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.
Esposito, John L. Islamic Revivalism. American Institute for Islamic Affairs, School of International Service, The American University, 1985.
———. Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, Or Reform? Lynne Rienner, 1997.
———. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford University Press, 1999.
———. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. Oxford University Press, 2003.
Hefner, Robert W. “Global Violence and Indonesian Muslim Politics.†American Anthropologist 104, no. 3 (September 1, 2002).
———. Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization. Princeton University Press, 2009.
Hutchinson, Mark. “Evangelical, Revivalist, and Pentecostal Religions.†In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), edited by James D. Wright, 285–88. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.
Iqbal, Asep Muhammad, and Zulkifli Zulkifli. “Islamic Fundamentalism, Nation- State and Global Citizenship: The Case of Hizb Ut-Tahrir.†Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2016).
Kimball, Charles. When Religion Becomes Evil: Five Warning Signs. Harper Collins, 2009.
Kurzman, Charles. Liberal Islam: A Source Book. Oxford University Press, 1998.
Masnun, Masnun, and Zusiana Elly Triantini. “Spiritualitas Islam, Khilafah Islamiyah dan Gerakan Politik Hukum Ingkar NKRI (Studi Terhadap Gerakan Politik Hizbut Tahrir Di Indonesia).†ISTINBATH 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2016).
Pohl, Florian. “Negotiating Religious and National Identities in Contemporary Indonesian Islamic Education.†CrossCurrents 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2011).
Qurtuby, Sumanto Al. “Ambonese Muslim Jihadists, Islamic Identity, and The History of Christian–Muslim Rivalry in the Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia.†International Journal of Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (January 2015).
Roy, Olivier. The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press, 1994.
Rumadi. Islamic Post-Traditionalism in Indonesia. ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute, 2015.
———. Post-tradisionalisme Islam: wacana intelektualisme dalam komunitas NU. Fahmina Institute, 2008.
———. Renungan santri: dari jihad hingga kritik wacana agama. Erlangga, 2006.
Schneier, Edward. Muslim Democracy: Politics, Religion and Society in Indonesia, Turkey and the Islamic World. Routledge, 2015.
Sudarto, Sudarto. Metodologi Penelitian Filsafat. 3rd ed. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada, 2002.
Wattimena, Reza A.A. Metodologi Penelitian Filsafat. 1st ed. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2011.
