Literature Review: Perkembangan Teknologi dan Metodologi Pembentukan Logam dalam Manufaktur Modern
Keywords:
Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS), Simulasi Numerik, Springback, Pemodelan Konstitutif, Kriteria KegagalanAbstract
Industri otomotif global saat ini memprioritaskan pengurangan berat kendaraan dan peningkatan keselamatan melalui penggunaan Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS). Namun, proses pembentukan AHSS menghadapi tantangan teknis yang kompleks seperti fenomena springback yang tinggi akibat tegangan sisa serta keterbatasan kriteria kegagalan tradisional Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) dalam memprediksi retak tanpa pelokalan regangan (necking). Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk merangkum dan mengevaluasi perkembangan terkini dalam pemodelan konstitutif serta teknik simulasi numerik guna meningkatkan akurasi prediksi deformasi, kegagalan, dan optimasi proses manufaktur pada baja kekuatan tinggi. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah studi literatur sistematis terhadap perkembangan Metode Elemen Hingga (Finite Element Method/FEM), model pengerasan material, serta kriteria kerusakan ulet pada rentang keadaan tegangan yang luas. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan model pengerasan kinematik yang mempertimbangkan efek Bauschinger, seperti model Yoshida-Uemori, sangat krusial dalam memprediksi springback secara akurat dibandingkan model isotropik konvensional. Selain itu, adopsi model kerusakan fenomenologis terbaru seperti Modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) terbukti mampu mengatasi keterbatasan FLD dalam memprediksi retak geser dan tepi pada AHSS generasi ketiga. Integrasi parameter dinamis seperti laju regangan dan model gesekan (friction) variabel dalam simulasi numerik secara signifikan meningkatkan validitas hasil terhadap data eksperimental. Penerapan teknologi cerdas berbasis Industri 4.0 juga menawarkan prospek baru dalam pengendalian kualitas proses pembentukan logam secara real-time.
Abstract: The global automotive industry currently prioritizes vehicle weight reduction and safety enhancement through the use of Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS). However, the forming process of AHSS faces complex technical challenges such as high springback due to residual stress and the limitations of the traditional Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) failure criterion in predicting cracks without strain localization (necking). This literature review aims to summarize and evaluate recent developments in constitutive modeling and numerical simulation techniques to improve the accuracy of deformation prediction, failure, and manufacturing process optimization in high-strength steel. The methodology used is a systematic literature review of the development of the Finite Element Method (FEM), material hardening models, and ductile damage criteria over a wide range of stress states. The results of the review indicate that the use of kinematic hardening models that consider the Bauschinger effect, such as the Yoshida-Uemori model, is crucial in predicting springback accurately compared to conventional isotropic models. In addition, the adoption of the latest phenomenological damage models such as the Modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) has been proven to overcome the limitations of FLD in predicting shear and edge cracks in third-generation AHSS. The integration of dynamic parameters such as strain rate and variable friction models into numerical simulations significantly improves the validity of the results against experimental data. The application of Industry 4.0-based intelligent technologies also offers new prospects in real-time quality control of metal forming processes.
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