Pembiayaan Digital bagi UMKM di Negara Berkembang: Tinjauan Sistematis atas Literasi Keuangan, Risiko Keuangan, dan Integrasi Fintech-Perbankan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32493/fb.v8i1.2026.40-56.56007Keywords:
Digital Lending; UMKM; Literasi Keuangan; Risiko Keuangan; Kemitraan Fintech-Bank.Abstract
Digital lending berbasis fintech berkembang pesat sebagai respons atas keterbatasan akses pembiayaan UMKM di negara berkembang, namun literatur menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan pengetahuan karena kajian mengenai literasi keuangan, risiko keuangan digital, dan kemitraan fintech–bank masih terfragmentasi, sehingga implikasi inklusi keuangan digital belum dipahami secara terpadu. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan dan literasi digital terhadap adopsi digital lending oleh UMKM, mengidentifikasi risiko keuangan utama yang muncul, serta menelaah peran kemitraan fintech–bank dalam membentuk inklusi keuangan dan risiko sistemik. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan Systematic Literature Review dengan pedoman PRISMA melalui penelusuran basis data Scopus periode 2023–2025, menerapkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ketat, penilaian kualitas menggunakan MMAT, serta proses ekstraksi dan sintesis tematik. Sebanyak 36 studi empiris yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2023–2025 menunjukkan bahwa literasi keuangan dan literasi digital merupakan prasyarat struktural yang menentukan kualitas adopsi digital lending, termasuk kemampuan UMKM dalam memahami produk, mengevaluasi biaya, dan mengelola kewajiban keuangan. Risiko utama yang teridentifikasi meliputi over-indebtedness, gagal bayar, biaya pembiayaan tinggi, asimetri informasi berbasis algoritma, rendahnya transparansi penilaian kredit, serta potensi risiko sistemik akibat integrasi lintas lembaga. Temuan juga mengungkap bahwa kemitraan fintech–bank memperluas akses kredit UMKM melalui peningkatan efisiensi dan jangkauan layanan, tetapi sekaligus meningkatkan kompleksitas transmisi risiko keuangan. Secara keseluruhan, digital lending bersifat ambivalen karena memperluas inklusi keuangan sekaligus menciptakan kerentanan baru, sehingga menegaskan perlunya kebijakan literasi, tata kelola risiko, dan regulasi adaptif untuk mendukung inklusi keuangan digital UMKM yang berkelanjutan.
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